The latter are rarely used and generally only after failure of conservative management. Management of the condition can vary from conservative management to surgical approaches. suggested that flat foot required much more energy expenditure because of the greater muscular effort and instability in this foot condition. Additionally, hypermobility, due to abnormal pronation, can lead to complications, such as foot pain, bunion formation, hallux limitus, and hallux rigidus.
Abnormal pronation in the subtalar joint can unsettle the midtarsal joint. Flexible flat foot implies the loss of the longitudinal arch in closed kinetic chain (i.e., weight-bearing) conditions, whereas a rigid flat foot implies the loss of arch height in both open and closed kinetic chain conditions. There are two types of flat foot: rigid and flexible. This occurs with a prevalence of less than 1%. However, a small proportion of flat foot cases do not correct with growth because of structural abnormalities. Thus, in preschool children, aged 3-6 years, flexible flat foot is observed in 44% and this decreases to 24% in children aged over 6 years. Volpon reported that most infants rapidly develop a normal plantar arch between 2 and 6 years of age and complete progression occurs by the age of 6 years. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot forms naturally during the first decade of life as part of normal development. Infants are born with pes planus, otherwise known as flat feet.
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